Cybercrimes bring new threats to the country as Pakistan thinks that cybercrime brings new threats to the country.
Due to the lack of uniform international treaties and international commitment and coordination, cyber terrorism has become a major concern.
Pakistan thinks that cybercrimes bring new threats to the country and cyber-attacks on sovereign states and their essential information infrastructures are becoming more common, necessitating a worldwide response.
Regional and bilateral agreements, as well as local legislation, are insufficient to deter cyber-attacks. As a result, international law is an essential weapon for the international community to combat cyber threats in its many jurisdictions.
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Existing solutions provided by current international treaties must be investigated first to examine potential responses to transnational cyber threats and develop a shared understanding of how to combat cyber-attacks.
One of the most serious problems in combating cyber terrorism is a lack of international cooperation. These days, cyber terrorist attacks are frequently carried out across numerous states. However, prosecuting them is much more difficult.
As a result, the targeted country will frequently use international courts of law to seek justice for the harm cyber-crime has caused.
Regional conventions try to offer a sustainable and legitimate framework for the fight against terrorism, taking into account the very real threat of terrorism and the flaws of multilateral treaties. At the national level, teamwork between the public and private sectors is emphasized in the response to cyber threats.
The Council of Europe, the International Multilateral Partnership against Cyber Terrorism (IMPACT), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are among these organisations.
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU), a UN agency that is recognized as the “premier worldwide forum through which parties collaborate toward consensus on a wide range of issues impacting the future direction of the ICT industry,” has launched a Global Cyber security Agenda.
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“a framework for international cooperation aimed at enhancing confidence and security in the information society.” Five key pillars are identified in the ITU Global Cyber security Agenda: legislative, technical, organizational, capacity-building, and cooperation.
Nations should develop self-regulatory legal structures to resist misuse of new technology, but these systems must be supported by international agreements and appropriate national legislation.
Cyber terrorism should be investigated as an international crime by all nations. As a result of its international nature, cyber terrorism falls under universal jurisdiction, which is exercised through the power of multilateral organisations when a sufficient number of nations join them.
If a substantial number of countries ratify a regional organisation, it can serve as a multilateral organization.
The Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime, for example, has been approved by numerous countries (including the European Union) and is currently the only international convention against cybercrime.
There is no consensus about what constitutes “cyber terrorism.” The definition of “cyber terrorism” has shifted from being extremely broad to being more specific. Many parts of large-scale cyber-attacks will be excluded and lost if a too-narrow definition is developed.
On the other hand, if too-broad of a definition is decided upon, it will bring too many parts of cybercrime under the banner of cyber terrorism. Despite this challenge, there is some coherence among various definitions of cyber terrorism that could help us better address concerns around it. Cybercrimes bring new threats to the country.
Dorothy Denning, an American information security researcher best known for her work on lattice-based access control, intrusion detection systems, and other cyber security innovations defines “cyber terrorism” as the fusion of terrorism and cyberspace.
It is commonly understood to refer to “illegal attacks and threats of attacks against computers, networks, and the information stored therein, in order to frighten or force a government or its people in the pursuit of political and social goals.”
According to Denning’s definition, the threat of cyber terrorism is recognized as having the same impact as a “normal” terrorist attacks.
More serious offences are subject to universal jurisdiction. These crimes are subject to universal jurisdiction in two ways: first, because of the heinous nature and scope of the crime, which includes grave breaches of humanitarian law.
Additionally, because of the insufficiency of legislation by the countries involved, these crimes are being committed in regions that are not under the jurisdiction of any state. Treaty regimes or customary international law can both give rise to universal jurisdiction.
Treaty regimes bind the states that are signatories to them. They do, however, serve as evidence of customary international law in some circumstances. The principle of universal jurisdiction allows the international community to replace national law with international law in certain jurisdictions. Cybercrimes bring new threats to the country.
As a matter of customary international law, cyber terrorism is subject to universal jurisdiction. Opinions juris and state practice are examples of customary international law. Terrorism has been discussed in numerous treaties (state practice), and distinct varieties of terrorism have been recognised in a number of treaties.
Finally, international organisations and their tribunals, such as the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice, which were established by the Rome Statute and the United Nations, respectively, must exercise universal jurisdiction in cyber terrorism cases.
To put it another way, international organisations provide a legal basis for exercising universal jurisdiction over cyber terrorism through treaties. Terrorism, in particular, is the exercise of universal jurisdiction by the global community rather than by states, despite the fact that universal jurisdiction can be exercised by both the international community and states.
However, when it comes to adjudication, the global community takes precedence over national courts. Cyber terrorism is, in fact, a transnational and cross-border crime. Cybercrimes bring new threats to the country.
International treaty regulations give a legal basis for universal jurisdiction over cyberspace, but this condition also creates a variety of issues. The United Nations, Interpol, and the Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime are among these organisations.
As a result, only broad international agreement can help pave the way for success in the fight against cyber terrorism. Second, the lack of procedural rules for inquiry and prosecution prevents convictions.
Multilateral cooperation requires countries to work together by putting efforts to combat cyber terrorism into perspective.
Although there are numerous international organisations (multilateral, bilateral, and regional), multilateral organisations will be considered.
They provide the most effective methods for responding to transnational cybercrime and cyber terrorism, as the lack of an international response is a major issue in dealing with cyber terrorism.
